What Is College for Essay - 1012 Words

â€Å"What is College For?† – The Review In the article, â€Å"What Is College For? (Part 2)† written by Gary Gutting we see a description of his ideal vision to improve education and the intellectual culture of our citizens. Mr. Gutting emphasizes that preparing students for employment should be the job of the elementary, middle and high school rather than college. He argues that higher education is basically unnecessary for the practice of many professions. At the beginning of this article he states â€Å"colleges and universities are primarily vehicles for the preservation, development and transmission of our intellectual culture (scientific, humanistic and artistic).† He then goes on to explain that we expect colleges and universities to provide†¦show more content†¦I was a little thrown off with this explanation of teaching professionals, â€Å"Now that these professions are much more open to women, we have come to accept that pre-college teachers will, on the whole (and with admirable exceptio ns), be our less successful students.† (Par. #8) I could not understand why this point was in the context, I didn’t get the connection between this and the point that he’s trying to convey. After reading the article several times, I finally came up with my own interpretation of it, I think he means that since less students would be going to college, less college professors would be needed, therefore more money available to provide a better incentive to the new teachers recruited after a vigorous search for high school educators. He then adds that in order for or Nation to accomplish this we would need to use the same sort of selection criteria for pre-college teachers as we do for other professionals such as doctors or college professors. He believes that this would allow for a cutback on unneeded teaching positions to focus on more efficient teaching strategies allowing to recruit the best students as teachers which as he believes, it’s a necessary condition for successful education. In the article, he explains that while he understands that raising high school to this level and opening college to everyone who would like to pursue it,Show MoreRelatedWhat Is College For?937 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is College For? By Gary Gutting is an analytical article upon the importance of a higher education to the public, he begins by discussing the statistics of what college has deemed worthful to people after their education. It was evident that many found it to be useful later on in life and helped them mat ure and grow intellectually. Gutting also points out that although many people find themselves to be successful later on after college that not everybody had the same experience, many had toRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of College?1302 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the purpose of college? Collectively, most would posit it is to prepare young adults for life and to give them the necessary tools to succeed in whichever field they wish to pursue. Colloquially referred to as â€Å"real word skills†, there are some aspects of life that, historically, college hasn’t prepared students for. The administration at Xavier University keenly recognized this and decided to do something about it. Enter: Goa. Goa is a class designed to prepare college students for the aspectsRead MoreWhat Makes A College?905 Words   |  4 Pages more than half of them are about to embark on the most rewarding and fun, yet stressful four years of their life: college. Most of us dream about going to a big, fancy college from the time we learned what a college was, while the rest of us may have just started to get the ball rolling the beginning of our Senior Year. Regardless of how you chose to approach preparing for college, we all know that it is going to be one of the greatest times of our lives. As we grow up and mature, we begin to wishRead MoreWhat Is The Electoral College?846 Words   |  4 Pages What is the electoral college? For those of us who are just starting out to vote and for the ones that just don’t pay attention to how elections work, which is most of us. You will be surprised to know that you as a voter don’t vote for the President or Vice-President directly. At the polls, voters choose which candidate receives their state’s electors. Then, those electors are the ones that vote directly for President. The electoral college was established in 1787 and has been used ever since.Read MoreWhat Is College Readiness?1907 Words   |  8 PagesIn troduction What is college readiness? When we say the word â€Å"college readiness â€Å"it means a lot of things to a lot of different people. In the state of Nevada, the definition of college readiness is â€Å"the pupil who graduates from high school demonstrates the foundational knowledge, skills, and qualities to succeed, without remediation, in workforce training, certification, and degree programs† (Crystal Abba, 2013, p. 3). I believe that content knowledge, key cognitive skills and foundational skillsRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For College?917 Words   |  4 Pagesin life by the amount of money a person makes. Similarly, does being successful in college mean you have to have the highest grade point average? I do not think your GPA measures your success in college and I do not think the amount of money you make measures your success in life. So what does it mean to be successful in college? I asked my mom this question and I agreed with what she said, â€Å"You get out of it w hat you put into it, but, people measure success differently. So, I don’t know.† If youRead MoreWHAT A COLLEGE EDUCATION BUYS1005 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿WHAT A COLLEGE EDUCATION BUYS Christopher Caldwell, the author of â€Å"WHAT A COLLEGE EDUCATION BUYS† presents his idea on college education of a 4-year college degree in American. The author’s assertion that college degree is not for everyone; it is something superb and looks like prime but it does not guarantee graduates’ practical productivity and usefulness in the particular professions or fields. Also, he assertion includes that nowadays college education has been increasing becauseRead MoreWhat College Is Really Worth?1180 Words   |  5 PagesWhat College is Really Worth? Today, when someone graduates from high school, it is pretty much expected that they will go to college. In fact, there is more of an emphasis on college education in America today than any other time in history. However, it is also the most expensive time in history to attend college, and with student debt now approaching one trillion dollars and tuition continuing to rise, it leaves the question (Owen and Sawhill 212). What is college truly worth anyway? Nowadays,Read MoreWhat Makes A College Degree?854 Words   |  4 PagesWhat motivates me most is my daughter Sophia, a better job/career and better finances for myself to pursue a college degree. As a result, of me acquiring a college degree could inspire Sophia to go to a college and/or trade school. Right now my job is a cashier yet I want to pursue higher income jobs/careers that could benefit me in the long run with a retirement plan. Finally, better finance can help me pay off my college loans. What main purpose for me to seek a college degree is to make moreRead MoreWhat Makes Catawba College?943 Words   |  4 Pagesthe team and watch them play were life deciding moments. Catawba will definitely help define who I am as a person and help me become a better one down the road. Socially, academically, and athletically I am sure Catawba College was the right choice. One thing I needed in my college of choice was that it had to be small because I knew I would be able to focus better. My first choice, Towson University, was a large school and all my friends currently go there, but God, and my perspicacious mother, clearly

The Mexican Revolution Free Essays

Mexico’s Revolution Ariel Elias HIST 112 Proffesor Cummings 17 February 2013 Ariel Elias Professor Cummings Hist 112 17 February 2013 Mexico’s Revolution Many nations across time and the world have experienced a revolution. From the American revolution to the French revolution, history has proven conflict can engage a nation at any moment. Tanter explains that two possible scenarios, changes in the economic development and the level of education are likely to cause revolutions (Tanter 264). We will write a custom essay sample on The Mexican Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now A revolution can be composed of a group of individuals who are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice in exchange for change in the existing government. This group of people will stop at nothing until they have completely taken over the territory they wish to control. What was the reason and who played a critical role in the Mexican revolution? Mexican political leaders and the common people would play an instrumental role in the positive or negative impact of the Mexican revolution. During 1910 and 1920, Mexico underwent a difficult and bloody time that would lead to many years of little progress in this nation’s history. The Mexican revolution is not a globally known revolution and most Americans would not initially compare it to the American revolution or understand the impact it had on Mexico. Knight states that compared to other revolutions, during the Mexican revolution many more people fought, died, and more land was destroyed (Knight 28). Some of the reasons the Mexican revolution began was due to the biased distribution of land, education, and wealth. The Mexican farmers and middle class were tired of the government treating them unfairly. The man in control of the nation during 1910 was President Porfirio Diaz. President Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico with an iron fist. Knight states that President Diaz had begun as an Army officer who had risen to power during a coup (Knight 28). Mexico’s economy was doing well at the time and Mexico’s elite prospered while President Diaz controlled the nation. Diaz originally promoted a no re-election policy, but soon conveniently disregarded that policy and ruled for several years. Under President Diaz’s rule, only the elite people of Mexico shared wealth, land and education. Knight states that this unequal distribution of power, money, and land began to create resentment amongst the common people in Mexico (Knight 29). Many leaders would soon rise up to fight for the people of Mexico and equal rights for all. Soon leaders such as Francisco Madera, General Huerta, and Emiliano Zapata would rise to fight for the country of Mexico. A revolution was inevitable and Mexico had plenty of individuals who would fight for their rights. Knight states that during 1910 President Diaz would be overthrown and Mexico would enter ten years of civil conflict (Knight 29). The first to attempt to overthrow President Diaz was Francisco Madero. Madero appealed to the middle class, Indians, and Mestizos. In 1911, the Mexican army was on the defense and President Diaz was forced to resign; Francisco Madera was immediately inaugurated. Unfortunately, Madero would not last long and in 1913, Madero was assassinated. Knight explains that General Victoriano Huerta would be the next to attempt to lead the war torn Mexico (Knight 31). The military solution would not last long and fierce fighting would continue. Emiliano Zapata would be known as one of the most famous and powerful revolutionaries during this time. Knight states that Zapata always remained a man for the people and fought very hard for his fellow compatriot (Knight 32). Zapata, known for handing out free food to the poor and supporting free education, was a loud voice and strength for the people of Mexico. Unfortunately, during what was meant to be a peaceful meeting, Zapata would be assassinated. These men positively influence the revolution and did everything they could to enable the average Mexican. The Mexican people would dedicate everything and everyone to the revolution. Chavez states that for men and boys there was only one option uring the revolution, becoming a soldier (Chavez 423). Young Mexico believed that the revolution would bring social justice and a stronger Mexico. The men from the mountains, farms and villages would unite under leaders such as Emiliano Zapata and fight against larger Mexican armies. There was a sense of pride and purpose in the revolution. The revolution empowered the average Mexican and encou raged them to fight. Knight states that revolutionaries had inadequate arms and training, but managed to dominate battles against a superior Mexican army (Knight 31). Eventually following many years of fighting a man named Alvaro Obregon was elected president. Washington states that the ideals of the Mexican revolution would eventually provide the people with a Constitution in 1917 (Washington 505). Mexico would finally reach a point in history where nation could focus on the entire nation and not an elite group. Mexico suffered ten years of war, suffering, and turmoil. Mexican leaders during 1910-1920 were unable to hold the country together and a revolution consumed the nation. The Mexican people grew tired of political greed, lack of support, and unequal treatment. Several leaders such as President Diaz would prove to be a man of one interest, himself. Others would quickly rise against him and attempt to claim the presidency. General Huerta and Francisco Madera would take the presidency by force, but would not last very long in the president office. Emiliano Zapata had a significant impact as a revolutionary who fought with the people and for the people. During the Mexican revolution, the nation would join forces and rise against lawless leaders. The men and women of Mexico would fight for many years for the equalities they knew they deserved. Eventually, the Mexican government drafted the constitution and was now able focus on the future. Works Cited Chavez Leyva, Yolanda. â€Å"`I Go To Fight For Social Justice’: Children As Revolutionaries In The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920. † Peace Change 23. 4 (1998): 423. Academic Search Premier. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. Knight, Alan. â€Å"The Mexican Revolution. † History Today 30. 5 (1980): 28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. Washington, Walter. â€Å"Mexican Resistance To Communism. † Foreign Affairs 36. 3 (1958): 504-515. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. How to cite The Mexican Revolution, Essay examples

Strategic Involvement and E HRM Technology

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Involvement and E HRM Technology. Answer: Introduction: The area of evidence based HRM (Human Resource Management) is an evolving field. Evidence based human resource management focuses on facts and figures rather than theories. The practice of evidence based HRM focuses on out of the box thinking (Charlier Brown, 2011). If companies are thinking more about the bottom line and keeping up with fast past technological changes in data control etc., it seems that the obvious evolution would be a progression to Human Resources Outsourcing on a when needed basis and the obsoletion of the HR department. The use of evidence based human resource management ensures that Human Resource Management can be used as a proactive function in the organization (Howe Schyns, 2010). The evidence based human resource management focuses on the strategic nature of the human resource management. It ensures that human resource managers are included in the strategic decision-making (Caliendo Falk, 2011). In recent times, the role of HRM has evolved and today, evi dence based HRM provides a platform where different business functions can come together for organizational benefits. Two Internet written sources Marler Parry (2016) argued that human resource management could be strategic function in nature only when the human resource managers take part in the strategic decision-making. It can happen only when the top leaders and senior managers include HR managers on the table. It is also important that HR managers and HR executives should play more proactive role. They should frequently align themselves with the leaders of different business function to get a holistic idea about the business. Authors also discusses the role of evidence based human resource management in a multifunctional group creates challenges with regards to perspective, each members goals may be different but the ultimate goal should be maintained and great communication skills are needed to keep the team focused on the ultimate goal while fulfilling their individual responsibilities. Good leaders inspire the team and interpret values and vision in a clear concise manner. The communication and execution are extremely important and if one team member falls short someone must pick up the slack. This is what makes teams effective the shortcomings of one are overshadowed by the group effort. Rousseau Barends (2011) argued that organizational development could happen only with the support of human resource management function. The evidence based HRM is actually a strategic strategy that aligns very closely to the success of business models. With competition arising and innovative technology transforming economy on a daily basis, assessing a company on a yearly basis is an extremely good idea and internal assessment could be one of the key responsibilities of human resource managers. Currency: The article was published in the year 2013. The article is not very recent but it is not very old also. There are two authors that have written this article. The article is a credible and reliable article as it is published in the international journal of human resource management. The article is right on the target as it discusses the contemporary issues of human resource management. Relevance: It can be said that authors have done a great work to write the article. It is never easy to write the article and get it published in the international journal of human resource management. To complete the article, authors used a mix method of research. The main part of article is secondary research. However, authors also used primary method of research. A small survey was created to get the inputs from a sample size of 80 respondents. Authority: There are two authors that have written this article. The article is a credible and reliable article as it is published in the international journal of human resource management. Before starting any analysis or discussion in the article, authors have introduced themselves. Authors have a deep connection with the area of human resource management and the quality of research in the article is an evidence for that. Purpose: The target audience of this article is the people who have interest in the field of human resource management. The scholars, researchers and the students are the targeted audience for this article. The people doing research in the field of human resource management would get greatly benefited from this article. Currency: The article was published in the year 2011. The article is a six-year-old article. However, it can be said that article holds good significance in todays world also. The article discusses few of the important issues in the area of human resource management. The article is a reliable article as it is published in the human resource management journal. The article discusses the key issues that surrounds human resource management. Relevance: It can be said that authors have done a great deal of work to write the article. The article is based on mix method of research. Authors have conducted a deep secondary research and literature review to complete the research. The article is published in the journal of human resource management as this in itself speaks about the volume of hard work that authors have done. Authority: In general, it is observed that authority is always high with more number of authors. There are two authors that have written this article. The good thing about the authority of article is that authors have provided a good introduction about themselves while writing the article. The two authors have worked together to come up with an intelligent piece of work. Purpose: The target audience of this article is the people who have interest in the field of human resource management. The scholars, researchers and the students are the targeted audience for this article. The people doing research in the field of human resource management would get greatly benefited from this article. Conclusion The above paper discusses the area of evidence based human resource management. The area of evidence based human resource management is an interesting area as it deals with the facts and figures in the area of human resource management (Olivas Rousseau, 2010). It is expected that there would be more and more researches in the area of evidence based human resource management. The paper discusses the two articles in detail. Both the articles are written by two authors. One of article is published in international journal of human resource management and one of the articles is written in human resource management journal. Therefore, it can be said that both the articles are great in terms of credibility and reliability. The learning from these articles could be useful for scholars, students, researchers and organizations. The organizations, which want to have strong human resource management function, can also use the learning from this article to develop a strong and strategic functio n in the organization. At the same time, a deep assessment of organization is required to establish a strong human resource management in the organization (Thompson, 2011). The organizations must have a strong vision in place before they can start taking steps to improvise on human resource management function. References Caliendo, M., Falk, A., Kaiser, L. C., Schneider, H., Uhlendorff, A., van den Berg, G., Zimmermann, K. F. (2011). The IZA Evaluation Dataset: towards evidence-based labor policy making. International Journal of Manpower, 32(7), 731-752. Charlier, S. D., Brown, K. G., Rynes, S. L. (2011). Teaching evidence-based management in MBA programs: What evidence is there?. Academy of Management Learning Education, 10(2), 222-236. Howe-Walsh, L., Schyns, B. (2010). Self-initiated expatriation: implications for HRM. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(2), 260-273. Marler, J. H., Parry, E. (2016). Human resource management, strategic involvement and e-HRM technology. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(19), 2233-2253. Olivas-Lujn, M. R., Rousseau, D. M. (2010). Can the Evidence-Based Management Movement Help e-HRM Bridge the Research-Practice Gap?. Evidence-Based e-HRM? On the way to rigorous and relevant research., 3. Rousseau, D. M., Barends, E. G. (2011). Becoming an evidence based HR practitioner. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(3), 221-235. Thompson, P. (2011). The trouble with HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(4), 355-367.

The Theme of Sense and Sensibility

Introduction The most outstanding quality derived from the novel, Sense and Sensibility, is the author’s deep penetrating character analysis. Jane Austen, the author, articulates all aspects of human characters in each chapter of the book – strengths, weaknesses, desires, and limitations.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Theme of Sense and Sensibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She often makes larger points about society through the descriptions of her characters. The novel, as most evident in its title, also intends to show comparison between the major characters (who are sisters) personalities. Elinor, the eldest sister, underscores the sense and sensibility of the title, while her younger sister, Marianne, personifies the lack of sense and sensibility in her utter lack of emotional control. Through them, the author brings out the theme of sense and sensibility by differentiati ng their traits in their relation to the rest of the characters. This paper explores the theme of sense and sensibility, and the lack of it, in details and shows how each of the characters stands out in relation to the theme. The author uses sense and sensibility to navigate through the characters and bring out their main attributes. The Theme-Sense and Sensibility The theme of sense and sensibility comes out as the difference of character between the two sisters, Elinor and Marianne. Their personalities and interactions with their neighbors draw attention to the reader, as they differ immensely right from the onset of the story .In some instances, the author exposes them to similar situations intentionally; to show the reader how each of them would react and whether they would be sensible or let their emotions determine their decision making ability. Character Difference Austen uses Elinor to play the sensible role in the novel. Austen’s opinion of the rest of her characters nearly co-occurs with that of Elinor (Poplawski 17). She is socially responsible, self-disciplined, and reasonable. Moreover, she possesses understanding and the coolness of judgment, qualities that draw admiration from Edward Ferrars. By choosing, not to tell her sister the whole truth about Willoughby’s confession, Elinor exemplifies sense. At a tender age of nineteen, she is surprisingly mature for her age; she even offers counsel to her mother (Allbery Para.4) . She is concerned about her sister’s lack of sense and even suspects Willoughby’s intentions with her. She defends Colonel Brandon to her sister, Marianne, and Willoughby when they begin to prejudice and mock him. She is distressed when Willoughby remarks that the Colonel strikes him as boring and unremarkable, when to her, he is sensible and well informed. She points out that, â€Å"My protà ©gà ©, as you call him, is a sensible man; and sense will always have attractions for me† (Austen 50 ).Advertising Looking for critical writing on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By this statement, she openly shows how much she values and admires sense. Moreover, Elinor appreciates Colonel Brandon’s nobility and reserve, qualities that Willoughby is not able to see due to his dislike for him. Willoughby openly shows his hatred towards the colonel by telling Elinor that, she cannot deny him the privilege of disliking him (Austen 51). This shows how Austen characterizes Willoughby as excessively sensible. Marianne on the contrary, is excessively emotional and openly pessimistic; she has neither sense nor sensibility. She is selfish, unrealistic, and emotionally weak. She even confesses to her mother that she does not see herself finding a man whom she can really love (Austen 4). Marianne confides to her mother that she does not understand why Edward has not come to visit them of late; she even, in her lack of sense, notes that she is sure that Edward is not well. Marianne’s own preference for Willoughby over the colonel and its disastrous consequences reveal how excessive sensibility and appearance could cloud a person’s judgment of human character. She shows her emotional weakness, which underscores her lack of sense and sensibility, when she cannot eat or sleep after Willoughby leaves (Morland 63). She is very disturbed and even falls ill when Willoughby chooses to marry another woman, actions that make her, and those around her, as miserable as possible. Therefore, through Marianne’s inability to use common sense when situations demand so, Austen manages to highlight the theme of lack of sense and sensibility in this masterpiece. Austen illustrates her view of the superiority of rationality, sensibility, and self-control over emotions. Though Marianne has fallen for John Willoughby, she grows to love the Colonel, a sensible man. Elinor refrains from judgi ng other characters based on appearances alone and constantly seems to be the one that has utmost reasoning and understanding in character judgment. The book serves to inform the reader the importance of getting to know a person before being prejudicial or judgmental. The fact that Elinor is portrayed as strong, does not necessarily mean that she did not have any feelings, but goes to show how much self control she had by not allowing them to get the best of her (Austen 54). The author shows her value for sense over sensibility by choosing to give Elinor the happy conclusion she deserves when she eventually marries Edward. On the other hand, Marianne whines throughout the story (even though she changes towards the end) to show how lack of sense and sensibility can affect an otherwise a reasonable person.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Theme of Sense and Sensibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tone and Satire Austen has used satire in the book to capture the reader’s attention and provide a different form of humor. Her satiric voice and her understanding of human nature are evident, particularly when she comments on the role of Lady Middleton’s son. She sees him as a center of attention between the Dashwoods and the Middletons and brings him along so that, incase they run out of things to say, they would admire his beauty and enquire of his name and age, questions which his mother would answer for him. The tone in the novel is sad. The death of Mr. Dashwood’s sister leaves him distraught and forces him to invite Henry and his family to stay with him. Marianne ends up being heart broken by Willoughby’s marriage to Miss Sophia Grey, while Mrs. Ferrars decides to disinherit her eldest son, Edward, leaving him in serious financial difficulties (Morland 87). Miss Ferrars disowns her son for his intention to marry Lucy Steele whom she considers of low social and financial standing. Elinor learns that she has been misinformed and duped all along about Edward’s persuasions after Lucy Steele admits that she is betrothed to Edward. Elinor becomes extremely heart broken on the publication of Lucy’s engagement and becomes wounded when she mistakenly believes that Edward has wed. Conclusion In conclusion, Austen uses the story, Sense and Sensibility, to highlight the importance of the same virtues. Elinor’s good sense makes Marianne change her life and become reasonable. Marianne uses emotions and misplaced passions to make decisions and that is why she spends a long time complaining about everything around her. Austen, therefore, uses Marianne and Elinor to explore the theme of sense and sensibility and the lack of it thereof. She also uses satire to spice up the story even though she adopts a sad note by including death, hurt, and heartbreak in the story. As the story concludes, it is evident that, sense and s ensibility outweigh the lack of the same. Works Cited Allbery, Russ. Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen book Review, 2010. Web.. https://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/reviews/books/0-14-010649-9a.html Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Sothampton: Penguin Books, 2003.Advertising Looking for critical writing on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Morland, Perkins. Reshaping the Sexes in Sense and Sensibility. Virginia: Union Press of Virginia, 1998. Poplawski, Paul. A Jane Austen Encyclopedia. Conneticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. This critical writing on The Theme of Sense and Sensibility was written and submitted by user River Talley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System Essays

Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System Essays Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System Paper Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection System Paper Intrusion detection solved. This paper begins with a review of the most well-known anomaly- based intrusion Anomaly detection detection techniques. Then, available platforms, systems under development and research IDS systems and platforms projects in the area are presented. Finally, we outline the main challenges to be dealt with Assessment for the wide scale deployment of anomaly-based intrusion detectors, with special emphasis on assessment issues. A 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are security tools that, like other measures such as antivirus software, firewalls and access control schemes, are intended to strengthen the security Of information and communication systems. Although, as shown in Kabuki and Giordano (2005) and Sobs (2006), several IDS approaches have been proposed in the specialized literature since the origins of this technology, two highly relevant works in this direction are Dinning (1987) and Stanford-Chem. et al. (1998). Noteworthy work has been carried out by CDC (Common Intrusion Detection Framework), a working group created by DARPA in 1 998 mainly oriented towards coordinating and defining a common framework in the IDS field. Integrated thin IETF in 2000, and having adopted the new acronym IDS (Intrusion Detection Working Group), the group defined a general IDS architecture based on the consideration of four types of functional modules (Fig. L): E blocks C Event-boxes): This kind of block is composed of sensor elements that monitor the target system, thus acquiring information events to be analyzed by other blocks. D blocks (Database-boxes): These are elements intended to store information from E blocks for subsequent processing by A and R boxes. A blocks (Analysis-boxes): Processing modules for analyzing events and detecting potential hostile behavior, so that some kind of alarm will be generated if necessary. * Corresponding author. Department of Signal Theory, Telemetric and Communications - ? Computer Science and Telecommunications Faculty, University of Granddad, C/ Periodical Daniel Sauced Rand, 18071 Granddad, Spain. Tell. : 958242305; fax: 958240831. E-mail addresses: [emailprotected] SE (P. Garcia a-Terror), [emailprotected] SE (J. Del AZ-Overdue), [emailprotected] SE (G. Maniac -Fern need), [emailprotected] did. Mum. SE (E. Va squeeze). 0167-4048/$ -? see front matter a 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Did:1 0. 016/j. cosec. 2008. 08. 003 19 A-box E-box D-box R;box Fig. 1 General CEDE architecture for IDS systems. R blocks Correspond-boxes): The main function of this type of block is the execution, if any intrusion occurs, of a response to thwart the detected menace. Other key contributions in the IDS field concern the definition of protocols for data exchange between components (e. G. IDS, Intrusion Detection exchange Protocol, RFC 4767), and the format considered for this (e. G. TIMED, Intrusion Detection MEssage Format, RFC 4765). Depending on the information source considered (E boxes in Fig. ), an IDS may be either host or network-based. A hostesses IDS analyzes events such as process identifiers and system calls, mainly related to SO information. On the other hand, a network-based IDS analyzes network related events: traffic volume, IP addresses, service ports, protocol usage, etc. This paper focuses on the latter type of IDS. Depending on the type of analysis carried out (A blocks in Fig. ), intrusion detection systems are classified as either signature-based or anomaly-based. Signature-based schemes (also denoted as misuse-based) seek defined patterns, or signatures, within the analyzed data. For this purpose, a signature database corresponding to known attacks is specified a priori. On the other hand, anomaly-based detectors attempt to estimate the normal behavior of the system to be protected, and generate an anomaly alarm whenever the deviation between a given observation at an instant and the normal behavior exceeds a predefined threshold. Another possibility is to model the abnormal behavior of the system and to raise an alarm when the difference between the observed behavior and the expected one falls below a given limit. Signature and anomaly-based systems are similar in terms f conceptual operation and composition. The main differences between these methodologies are inherent in the concepts of attack and anomaly. An attack can be defined as a sequence of operations that puts the security of a system at risk. An anomaly is just an event that is suspicious from the perspective of security. Based on this distinction, the main advantages and disadvantages of each IDS type can be pointed out. Signature-based schemes provide very good detection results for specified, well-known attacks. However, they are not capable of detecting new, unfamiliar intrusions, even if they are built as minimum Arians of already known attacks. On the contrary, the main benefit of anomaly-based detection techniques is their potential to detect previously unseen intrusion events. However, and despite the likely inaccuracy 2. A-NDIS techniques Although different A-NDIS approaches exist (Est. postoperative et al. , 2004), in general terms all of them consist of the following basic modules or stages (Fig. 2): Parameterization: In this stage, the observed instances of the target system are represented in a pre-established form. Training stage: The normal (or abnormal) behavior of the yester is characterized and a corresponding model is built. This can be done in very different ways, automatically or manually, depending on the type of A-NDIS considered (see classification below). Detection stage: Once the model for the system is available, it is compared with the (parameterized) observed traffic. If the deviation found exceeds (or is below, in the case of abnormality models) a given threshold an alarm will be triggered (Est. ;fez-Topiary et al. , 2004). According to the type of processing related to the behavioral model of the target system, anomaly Parameterization n formal signature specifications, the ra te of false positives (or UP, events erroneously classified as attacks; see Section 2) in anomaly-based systems is usually higher than in signatures ones. Given the promising capabilities of anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems (A-NDIS), this approach is currently a principal focus of research and development in the field of intrusion detection. Various systems with A-NDIS capabilities are becoming available, and many new schemes are being explored. However, the subject is far from mature and key issues remain to be solved before wide scale deployment of A-NDIS littorals can be practicable. Focusing, thus, on A-NDIS technologies, the rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the various algorithms proposed for anomaly detection. Then, existing A-NDIS platforms, either currently available or under development, and which include anomaly detection functionalities, are presented in Section 3. This constitutes a valuable contribution of the present paper in comparison with other published work. The fourth section discusses open issues and challenges in this field, with special emphasis on A-NDIS assessment. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the main mints of the paper. Monitored environment Training Model Detection Intrusion report Fig. 2 Generic A-NDIS functional architecture. 0 detection techniques can be classified into three main categories (Lacerative et al. , 2005) (see Fig. 3): statistically, knowledge- based, and machine learning-based. In the statistical-based case, the behavior of the system is represented from a random viewpoint. On the other hand, knowledge-based A-NDIS technique uses try to capture the claimed behavior from available system data (protocol specifications, network traffic instances, etc. ). Finally, aching learning A-NDIS schemes are based on the establishment of an explicit or implicit model that allows the patterns analyzed to be categorized. Two key aspects concern the evaluation, and thus the comparison, of the performance of alternative intrusion detection approaches: these are the efficiency of the detection process, and the cost involved in the operation. Without underestimating the importance of the cost, at this point the efficiency aspect must be emphasized. Four situations exist in this context, corresponding to the relation between the result of the detection for an analyzed event (normal vs.. Intrusion) and its actual nature (innocuous vs.. malicious). These situations are: false positive (UP), if the analyzed event is innocuous (or clean) from the perspective of security, but it is classified as malicious; true positive (HTTP), if the analyzed event is correctly classified as intrusion/malicious; false negative (FAN), if the analyzed event is malicious but it is classified A. L) A) Statistical based Multivariate Time series model 8. 1) B) Knowledge based 8. 2) 8. 3) c. 3) C) Machine learning based inebriate c. 5) c. 6) FSML Description languages Expert systems Bayesian networks Markova models Neural networks Fuzzy logic Genetic algorithms Clustering outlier detection Fig. 3 Classification of the anomaly detection techniques according to the nature of the processing involved in the behavioral model considered. As normal/innocuous; and true negative (TN), if the analyzed event is correctly classified as normal/innocuous. It is clear that low UP and FAN rates, together with high HTTP and TN rates, will result in good efficiency values. The fundamentals for statistical, knowledge and machine learning-based A-NDIS, as well as the principal subtypes of each, are described below. The main features of all are unmarried in Table 1 . Above and beyond other possibilities, the question of efficiency should be a prime consideration in selecting and implementing A- NDIS methodologies. 2. 1. Statistical-based A-NDIS techniques In statistical-based techniques, the network traffic activity is captured and a profile representing its stochastic behavior is created. This profile is based on metrics such as the traffic rate, the number of packets for each protocol, the rate of connections, the number of different IP addresses, etc. Two datasets of network traffic are considered during the anomaly detection process: one responds to the currently observed profile over time, and the other is for the previously trained statistical profile. As the network events occur, the current profile is determined and an anomaly score estimated by comparison Of the two behaviors. The score normally indicates the degree of irregularity for a specific event, such that the intrusion detection system will flag the occurrence of an anomaly when the score surpasses a certain threshold. The earliest statistical approaches, both network oriented and host oriented IDS, corresponded to inebriate models, which modeled the parameters as independent Gaussian madman variables (Dinning and Neumann, 1985), thus defining an acceptable range of values for every variable. Later, multivariate models that consider the correlations between two or more metrics were proposed (Ye et al. , 2002). These are useful because experimental data have shown that a better level of discrimination can be obtained from combinations of related measures rather than individually. Other studies have considered time series models (Detecting Hackers), which use an interval timer, together with an event counter or resource measure, and take into account the order and the enter-arrival times of the observations as well as their values. Thus, an observed traffic instance will be labeled as abnormal if its probability of occurrence is too low at a given time. Apart from their inherent features for use as unemployable techniques, statistical A-NDIS approaches have a number of virtues. Firstly, they do not require prior knowledge about the normal activity of the target system; instead, they have the ability to learn the expected behavior of the system from observations. Secondly, statistical methods can provide accurate notification of malicious activities occurring over long roods of time. However, some drawbacks should also be pointed out. First, this kind of A-NDIS is susceptible to be trained by an attacker in such a way that the network traffic generated during the attack is considered as normal. Second, setting the values of the different parameters/metrics is a difficult task, especially because the balance between false positives and false negatives is affected. Moreover, a statistical distribution per variable is assumed, but not all behaviors can be 21 Table 1 Fundamentals of the A-NDIS techniques Technique: basics A) Statistical-based: autistic behavior B) Knowledge-based: availability of prior knowledge/data C) Mach nine learning-based: categorization of patterns Pros Cons Us Betsey Prior knowledge about normal activity not required.

The Major Alliances of World War I

The Major Alliances of World War I By 1914, Europes six major powers were split into two alliances that would form the warring sides in World War I. Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente, while Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined in the Triple Alliance. These alliances werent the sole cause of World War I, as some historians have contended, but they did play an important role in hastening Europes rush to conflict. The Central Powers Following a series of military victories from 1862 to 1871, Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck formed a German state out of several small principalities. After unification, Bismarck feared that neighboring nations, particularly France and Austria-Hungary, might act to destroy Germany. Bismarck wanted a careful series of alliances and foreign policy decisions that would stabilize the balance of power in Europe. Without them, he believed, another continental war was inevitable. The Dual Alliance Bismarck knew an alliance with France wasn’t possible because of lingering French anger over Alsace-Lorraine, a province Germany had seized in 1871 after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War. Britain, meanwhile, was pursuing a policy of disengagement and reluctant to form any European alliances. Bismarck turned to Austria-Hungary and Russia. In 1873, the Three Emperors League was created, pledging mutual wartime support among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. Russia withdrew in 1878, and Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Dual Alliance in 1879. The Dual Alliance promised that the parties would aid each other if Russia attacked them or if Russia assisted another power at war with either nation. The Triple Alliance In 1882, Germany and Austria-Hungary strengthened their bond by forming the Triple Alliance with Italy. All three nations pledged support should any of them be attacked by France. If any member found itself at war with two or more nations at once, the alliance would come to their aid. Italy, the weakest of the three, insisted on a final clause, voiding the deal if the Triple Alliance members were the aggressor. Shortly after, Italy signed a deal with France, pledging support if Germany attacked them. Russian Reinsurance Bismarck was keen to avoid fighting a war on two fronts, which meant making some form of agreement with either France or Russia. Given the sour relations with France, Bismarck signed what he called a reinsurance treaty with Russia, stating that both nations would remain neutral if one was involved in a war with a third party. If that war was with France, Russia had no obligation to aid Germany. However, this treaty lasted only until 1890, when it was allowed to lapse by the government that replaced Bismarck. The Russians had wanted to keep it. This is usually seen as a major error by Bismarcks successors. After Bismarck Once Bismarck was voted out of power, his carefully crafted foreign policy began to crumble. Eager to expand his nations empire, Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II pursued an aggressive policy of militarization. Alarmed by Germanys naval buildup, Britain, Russia, and France strengthened their own ties. Meanwhile, Germanys new elected leaders proved incompetent at maintaining Bismarcks alliances, and the nation soon found itself surrounded by hostile powers. Russia entered into an agreement with France in 1892, spelled out in the Franco-Russian Military Convention. The terms were loose but tied both nations to supporting each other should they be involved in a war. It was designed to counter the Triple Alliance. Much of the diplomacy Bismarck had considered critical to Germanys survival had been undone in a few years, and the nation once again faced threats on two fronts. The Triple Entente Concerned about the threat rival powers posed to the colonies, Great Britain began searching for alliances of its own. Although Britain had not supported France in the Franco-Prussian War, the two nations pledged military support for one another in the Entente Cordiale of 1904. Three years later, Britain signed a similar agreement with Russia. In 1912, the Anglo-French Naval Convention tied Britain and France even more closely militarily. When Austrias Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in 1914, the great powers of Europe reacted in a way that led to full-scale war within weeks. The Triple Entente fought the Triple Alliance, although Italy soon switched sides. The war that all parties thought would be finished by Christmas 1914, instead dragged on for four long years, eventually bringing the United States into the conflict. By the time the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, officially ending the Great War, more than 11 million soldiers and 7 million civilians were dead.

Explain how solar energy can be used to produce electricity Essay

Explain how solar energy can be used to produce electricity - Essay Example The amount of energy emitted in one second is more than the world has used since time began. All energy comes from within the sun. Like other stars present in the cosmos, the sun is also a star made up mostly of hydrogen and helium gas. The cultivation of energy inside the sun is done through a process called nuclear fusion. However, only a small amount of energy reaches the earth but that is huge enough to supply all our energy needs. The energy radiated by the sun reaches the earth in just eight minutes at a speed of 186,000 miles per second, which is the speed of light. Photovoltaic Electricity as the name suggests is a combination of two words: photo meaning light and volt, a unit for the measurement of electricity. In short, it is often called PV cells or solar cells. The most common devices, which use PV cells include solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside telephone call boxes – all use solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Scientific investigation of photovoltaic effect started in 1839 and the effect was first observed in a solid material (Selenium) in 1877. Solar cells are made up of silicon, the second most common substance on earth. Solar cells can be applied to produce energy to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power in general. Electricity is generated when sunlight hits on the solar cell plates, which cause the electrons to get activated. However, the generation of electricity takes place mutely and at once. A PV or solar cell consists of two or more layers of semi conducting material, silicon, which is used most commonly in PV cells. When the silicon layer is exposed to the sunlight, a photo-voltage or potential difference between the layers is generated. This voltage is capable of driving a current through an external circuit, as direct current (DC). Since the electrical output from a single