The Ethics Of Medical Malpractice Essay - 1588 Words

Imagine you are injured or sick and have sought a doctor’s help. Although you trusted your doctor, something, something seemingly very in control of the doctor, went wrong. You are angry and confused, but also think of the commonality of medical malpractice. So, why do doctors, who are supposed to help, harm? Though many flaws influence it, malpractice can be, and often is unintentional. Most doctors aren’t trained to harm their patients. Inexperience and lack of medical discovery led to unintentional suffering of the patient. Personal flaws, like lack of willingness to abandon previous medical methods and shortcomings in communication also harm patients. Further reasons why doctors harm are socio-medical understandings that breed hate, prejudices stemming from a society’s belief about certain people, such as the medical practice under the Nazi regime. Additionally, displayed in the case of Ignà ¡c Semmelweis, judgement of one to oneself can be detrimental to an y progress one’s ideas could make. We will examine these concepts through Jerome Groopman’s â€Å"Flesh-and-Blood Decision Making†, Sherwin Nuland’s The Doctors’ Plague and Barbara Bachrach’s â€Å"In the Name of Public Health†. Those who practice medicine are, unfortunately, unfree from the imperfections that plague all of humanity. Through these intimate and varied faults, doctors do harm. Inexperience and ignorance are two factors that can result in unintentional harm to a patient. For instance, foolish mistakes made out ofShow MoreRelatedAmputation Mishap1398 Words   |  6 PagesAmputation Mishap The Neighborhood News reports of a medical error at The Neighborhood Hospital. The report states a 62 year-old male patient underwent surgery to have his leg amputated only to discover the wrong leg was amputated during surgery. The newspaper article states the mishap is negligence. In the following paragraphs, negligence, gross negligence, and malpractice are discussed and determine if the newspaper’s statement of negligence is correct. Ethical principles in nursing andRead MoreNegligence Wrongful Death Suit1747 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry is booming and people will always need to be cared for at hospitals, doctor’s offices, and etc. Healthcare professionals must be careful and focused on everything they are doing with their patients. They must keep track of patients’ charts and medical procedures. If something goes wrong with the patients’ medication, surgery, or treatment and causes an unfortunate death of the patient then the patients’ fa mily can sue the employer for a wrongful death suit. What is the difference between subpoenaRead MoreEssay on Negligence in Nursing: The Legal Aspects952 Words   |  4 Pagestreatment of illness to bring about a complete recovery from mental, physical and social perspectives, either directly or indirectly (Kurban, 2010, pg. 760).† Nurses in the community today have acquired an increasing responsibility to intervene with medical decisions. In the past, there were clear differences between nurses and doctors. It was more common for a nurse to be supervised directly under the physician. They are not just performing Doctor’s orders anymore. The nurse role in patient care hasRead MoreEvaluation Of Patient Safety Ethics1202 Words   |  5 Pages Patient Safety Ethics Student Name Course/Number Date Instructor: Name Patient Safety Ethics Patient Safety Ethics has always been on the foreground of various studies, research, and debates. It is one of the key proponents in providing competent and suitable healthcare services to the clients. It is a subject that has played a major role in defining the scope of the healthcare system and its sub branches. While different forms of patient safety ethics exists globally, the central themeRead MoreEthics Case Study Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Case Study Jerry McCall is an office assistant for Dr. William’s. Jerry has received training as both a medical assistant and Licensed practical nurses (LPN). During the time the receptionist is out to lunch Jerry is covering for her. Jerry is faced with a common problem in the health care field today. Jerry has been asked to call in a refill for Valium to a pharmacy for a patient. This paper will address why Jerry is not qualified to refill any prescription medication. If Jerry is protectedRead MoreEthical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practioner1459 Words   |  6 PagesEthical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practitioners HCA322: Health Care Ethics amp; Medical Law (BGE1226A) Instructor: Eugene Elliott Cara Gerlach 7/23/12 Ethical and Legal Problems Faced by Nurse Practitioners Every medical professional has or will face some ethical and legal issues in the Medical Field, the Nurse Practitioners (NP) are no different. Fant stated that in an ethical dilemma there are no right answers or solutions; however, in these dilemmas there are no wrong answers eitherRead MoreNursing Malpractice And Negligence And Its Effects On Patients Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesFarhan Mohammadi Ms. Tidwell English 1A 01 December 2016 Nursing Malpractice and Negligence and its Effects on Patients There are many different variations of healthcare professionals that assist people in regaining and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The career field of licensed nursing is often considered to be one of the most vital professions within the medical community. Registered nurses work to prevent and heal various different types of injuries, diseases, and illnesses. They are alsoRead MoreNursing Code Of Ethics, Personal And Societal Values, And The Legal Aspects Of The Nursing1251 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation in addition to individuals (Haugh Mildon, 2005). In this research paper, I will consider two case studies from the perspective of the nursing code of ethics, personal and societal values, and the legal aspects and responsibilities of the nurse. The Nursing Code of Ethics According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements (2015), the code â€Å"establishes the ethical standard for the profession and provides a guide for nurses to use in ethicalRead MoreEmergency Medicine and the Ethical Dilemmas1749 Words   |  7 Pages These physicians have to make quick decisions, and as a result, have many ethical issues to deal with. The unique ethical perspectives encountered by the physician have not been dealt with adequately in most of the literature pertaining to medical ethics. The patient may come to the emergency department for treatment not because of his choice but due to the urgency and acuteness of the problem. The physician would most likely not have a pre-existing physician-patient relationship with this patientRead MoreA Classification of Negligence: Negligence, Gross Negligence, and Malpractice1301 Words   |  5 Pagesintentional but falls just short of being so. Medical malpractice is a specialized form of negligence that involves the professional behaviors and actions of someone in the health care field (Studdert, 2004). Anyone involved in the health care field, a doctor, nurse, or dentist can be responsible for medical malpractice. All such professionals are expected to maintain certain standards of care and if they fail to do so they are liable for malpractice. Just like drivers on the road health care professionals

The Atomic Bomb Of The United States Entered Into The...

In December of 1941, the United States entered into the second World War after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor. Due to these attacks and the dangerous rumors sprouting of German bomb builders, the U.S. decided to put efforts towards constructing the ultimate weapon of mass destruction: the Atomic Bomb. With billions of dollars and over 100,000 people, the Manhattan Project was founded to affirm these efforts by U.S. military and scientists. By the Manhattan Project we saw the unfortunate destruction of Japanese cities, the incredible advances in the world of science, and the threats of the cold war resulting in measures to protect against modern nuclear threats. The first origins of the Manhattan Project began as early as 1930, with physicists such as Albert Einstein, who knew of the power of the single atom. Though it wasn’t until later in the decade that German physicists were able to take those thoughts produce the first artificial nuclear reaction, and even document t he theory. Due to the publication of the theory, many people began to realize the immense power that could come from such a tremendous reaction of atoms. Then, in 1939, a letter was sent to the Franklin Roosevelt, the President of the U.S. at the time, warning of the German research developments. The letter in question was in-part sent by Albert Einstein, who along with the proceeded warnings, also advised Roosevelt to allow sufficient funding for research and development of the technology on AmericanShow MoreRelatedTruman s Choice Was A Good One989 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 6, 1945, a bomb with the force of 20,000 tons of TNT, was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later a similar bomb was dropped on the city Nagasaki. Both cities were effectively eradicated and so was there people. Six days after that, Japan surrendered, thus ending World War II. Americans supported the action of Truman, that is until they saw the images of the destructive power of the bom b. The horrific images showing the victims of radiation and of burns that are causedRead MoreEssay On The Atomic Bomb1048 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst atomic bombs were dropped in a race to end World War II. The first nuclear bomb, ‘Little Boy’, dropped over Hiroshima, Japan wiped out ninety percent of the city and immediately killed thousands. Three days later, a second atomic bomb dropped on this time over the city of Nagasaki. The bombs were created by scientists who worked in secret for years on The Manhattan Project to perfect weapons that would bring an end to the long and traumatizing fight of World War II. The use of the atomic bombRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War915 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War I, also known as the Great War, was one of the most important and traumatic war in history. It left many countries in devastation and chaos. Countries involved in the war, like Europe and America promised to prevent any other future world war because of the milli ons lives taken and the destruction caused to the world in the previous war. However, peace was not enjoyed for long and after two decades, the Second World War began from the issues that were left unresolved from the previous conflictRead MoreThe Manhattan Project1114 Words   |  5 PagesManhattan Project was to see if making an atomic bomb possible. The success of this project would forever change the world forever making it known that something this powerful can be manmade. The Manhattan Project’s success was something that had an impact on everybody involved since they helped create something with so much destructive power it could destroy a city within seconds. The University of Chicago in Illinois had a huge role with the making of the atomic bomb (The Manhattan Project, Sue Hook)Read MoreThe U.s. And Wwi1406 Words   |  6 PagesEssay The U.S. WWI The Great War, or World War I as it has become known as, changed the world in the way everyone had known it to be up until the war started. In June 1914, a nationalist from Serbia assassinated the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The assassination was the first of many events that led to the beginning of the First World War. The war caused a great change in the American stance in the world; it caused the world power nation to turn into aRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The World War II1145 Words   |  5 PagesNuclear weapons were a crucial aspect throughout the history of the Cold War. Scientific and military development in the early 20th Century had demonstrated the potential of atoms and other properties to create large-scale nuclear weapons. The developments of the arms race within the context of World War I and World War II further led to the emergence of nuclear weapons for combat. Countries such as the United States, USSR, and Britain a lso sought to create effective nuclear weapons. SubsequentlyRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb was used to save American lives; the most common excuse as to why President Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. In Major Problems in the History of World War II it has been discussed in the chapter The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II that former President Truman recalled how he learned about the atomic bomb project as well as the public opinion on the Atomic Bomb. I believe that the solution that Truman gave when dropping the Atomic Bomb should notRead MoreExaming the Factors That Led To Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki1314 Words   |  6 Pagesfactors that led to the United States to drop an atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, one can look at the event as a result of two major decisions. The first decision concerned the use of newly developed nuclear weapons in lieu of other military tech niques to secure a timely Japanese surrender. The second decision was to use several of these weapons instead of only one. Although the Truman administration displayed little hesitation or ambivalence over the decision to use atomic weapons (Walker, 51)Read MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki981 Words   |  4 PagesIn August of 1945, The United States successfully used the Atomic bomb for the first time in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, while over 100,000 people died the greater importance of this moment would be played out in history for decades to come. (Lecture) The importance that the creation of the Atomic bomb gave the world was enough to end mankind if the wrong people were capable of finding out how to use it. It would take only a short amount of time for other countries to gain accessRead More Atomic Bomb Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages On the morning of August 6, 1945, the first Atomic Bomb in history was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Soon after, on August 14, 1945, the Japanese abruptly surrendered, abandoning their ancient customs regarding honor in war. The fact that only two bombs were able to bring an entire country to its knees is a true testament to the awesome power they held. There is nothing in modern warfare that can compete with the devastating

The Free Range Of Interpretation Of The Constitution

The free range of interpretation of the Constitution by the branches of government has allowed the country to continue to function and not become stagnant. This is important because the laws of the 18th century United States would not be relevant to that of the 21st century. Technology and the complexity of the world are examples of why interpretation of the constitution is important because no can say for sure any of the original drafters of the constitution anticipated the size the United States would grow and how powerful the country would stand amongst other nations in the modern era. Issues of interoperation have also created a line in the sand between political parties as well as issues between citizen and state. The issue in the forefront of this is the Second amendment and the right that is described that a citizen under proper regulation can join a militia for the security of their free state as well have the right to bear arms (Brady). This amendment is open to interpretati on as if much of the other Amendments has been the under controversy in to whether citizens should have the right to arm themselves with firearms. The branches of government whom are at the front of this issue are legislative whom makes laws in correspondence to those they represent as well as their political parties and the judicial branch whom enforce the laws by reviewing them legal by what is written in both law and the constitution. To understand why ownership of the firearms is such anShow MoreRelatedInterpreting and Correcting the Constitutional907 Words   |  4 Pagestake it a different way. As the audience changes, so does the meaning. When it comes to interpreting the Constitution, the same principle remains. It is extremely difficult to interpret the U.S. Constitution, because of its complexity and fragility. Also, the fact is when time changes, people change. In other words, different generations have different interpretations of what the Constitution says that they can do. Which leads to textualism, causing the judges of the Supreme Court to decide whetherRead MoreSeparation Of Religion In Australia1245 Words   |  5 Pagesof a liberal Muslim to function in a western society rather than an orthodox Muslim. The Australian constitution section 116 states that the commonwealth â€Å"The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for p rohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification†. The constitution creates a metaphorical wall of separation between religion and state within Australia, a defined politicalRead MoreHow Of The Second Amendment1271 Words   |  6 PagesHow to Interpret the Second Amendment The Constitution was signed on September 17, 1789. The federalists declared that the Constitution granted the new government limited powers. Anti-federalists, such as George Mason, sought after a stronger confirmation from the federal government that certain rights would not be encroached upon. After just recently breaking away from Great Britain, it is understandable that the Founding Fathers feared the rise of another domineering government. Mason wroteRead MoreThe Battle Between Gun Control and Gun Rights Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence to support their side: the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment states that: â€Å"a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (U.S. Const., amend. II).† There have been two main arguments that have stemmed from the different interpretations of the national document. â€Å"One argument supported that the Second Amendment supported an individual or personal right to have firearms, in particular forRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1315 Words   |  6 Pagesdemocratic. That being said, the infrastructure of the system in place in the United States is vastly different from that of the UK. Trias Politica As a relatively new country less than a quarter of a millennium old, the USA operates with a codified constitution ratified in 1788. This document outlines a national framework of government. Key to this is the notion of a separation of powers, whereby the executive, judiciary and legislature are separate and independent of each other. The president of theRead MoreLiberty and Justice for All: The Pursuit for Gay Rights Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesleaving any other possibilities of who love can happen between as unacceptable. These strong societal beliefs are far from the truth yet dictate the ability of homosexuals rights to marry one another. Avoiding defining what marriage entails in the constitution, the issue of whether or not gay people have the right to marry has become a state issue. The conservative idea of marriage is changing as society is undergoing a transformation in its beliefs to a more liberal stance. As a country that has progressedRead MoreCourt Case : Miranda V. Arizona941 Words   |  4 Pagesa confession saying that what he said what he said to the police in the interrogation was completely voluntary. On the top of each page was the statement, â€Å"I, Ernesto A. Miranda, do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion, or promises of immunity, and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me.† He was not fully acknowledged of his rights until 1:30 when he was signing his confessionRead MoreWhy the Government must, at times, infringe upon Individual Liberties such as Abortion1298 Words   |  6 Pagespublic safety. These restraints, typically laws, have affected to varying degrees the absolute freedoms of people. Freedom, in this case, means the absence of external legal restraint to carry out actions of free will. Initially this seems to be undesirable, but when that act of free will is to violate the legal fre edoms of one or more people then restraining the act is justified. The state must ensure that the rights, freedoms and liberties of individuals and groups are not impeded by the actsRead MoreEssay about Religious Conflicts with the Iranian Government1545 Words   |  7 Pages The middle-east has always been a hot zone for religious and political conflict but more specifically, Iran. Iran is an Islamic state where Islam is practiced within politics. The Constitution of 1979 runs off of the basis of Islamic Law. The population of Iran varies upon resources but they are all around the number of seventy million people. The country is 90 percent Shia Muslim and eight-percent Sunni Muslim.1 The rest of the country is made up of very small minority religions. The minorityRead More Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberties: Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagestheir interpretation of the Bible’s stance against homosexuality (Dobson, O’Brien). Other opponents argue against the practice based on universal tenets of moral behavior, fundamental beliefs that are said to underpin our country’s existing laws and should not be eroded (George, Finnis, Friedman). Increasingly, however, the arguments against same-sex marriage have turned to the legal realm, asserting that the practice threatens the right to religious freedom. Objectors use the U.S. Constitution and

Essay about Does History Have an End - 1045 Words

The Communist Manifesto was published just before the European Revolutions of 1848. It was meant as a statement of purpose for Marxs newly formed Communist League and its straightforward, even prophetic, tone is that of a man confidently explaining to a confused world the reasons for a tumult which had not yet begun. Why is he so sure of himself? The answer to this depends on Marxs deterministic view of history. Marx inherited from his philosophical father, Hegel, the idea of historical progress (.a href=http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Authors/about_karl_marx.htmlhttp://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Authors/about_karl_marx.html/a). Both believed that human history unfolds according to a distinct series of historical†¦show more content†¦When Marx wrote The Manifesto, he thought he was announcing the end of capitalism only months before its downfall. However, it is important to realize that this hostility also takes a very specific form: the dialectic (that of exchanging logical arguments to arrive at the truth. According to Marxs dialectical account of history, every class is unstable and fated for complete destruction because of its internal inconsistencies. Out of its ruins, a new class forms that resolves the in congruencies of its forerunner but retains it own, which will in turn cause its eventual destruction. More specifically, the bourgeoisie must create the proletariat as a condition of their own development, in order to work in their burgeoning industries. While doing this, they must treat the proletariat worse and worse while giving them the means to associate through politics. The consequence of this plan is that the proletariat grows in power and eventually overthrows their oppressors. The inner contradiction is the bourgeoiss need for proletariat labor. When this need is met, it leads to the eradication of the bourg eoiss power (Marx, 94). The proletariats role in history is unique because the vanquishing of capitalism leads to a classless society (Marx, 83). If there are no more classes, there cannot be any class antagonism, and if there is no class antagonism, then (according to Marx) there will be noShow MoreRelatedDoomsday: Windows XP End Support Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesDoomsday: Windows XP End of Support Doomsday, the beginning of the end, there are many words which can describe what is to come from the end of support for one of the most widely used Computer Operating Systems in the world; windows XP. The software was introduced almost twelve years ago, and it still remains relevant, and regarded highly by many today (â€Å"A History of Windows†). With the announcement of software giant Microsoft’s end of support date, those using the operating system Windows XPRead MoreCleopatra Movie Analysis1308 Words   |  6 PagesAs we go on throughout history, there are many stories that tend to stick out more than the rest. These stories can be popular for varieties of reasons, however, they all gain the attention of people in today’s time for one reason or another. Many moments throughout history have made such an impact on society that movie makers have decided that the stories need to be told through a motion picture movie. One specific moment in history that caught the attention of the motion picture producers was theRead More Essay on Flight in Song of Solomon1001 Words   |  5 Pagesan escape, and as proof of intrinsic worth; however, by the end this is not so clear a proposition†(Lubiano 96). Song of Solomon ends with ‘flight’ but in such a way that the act allows for multiple interpretations: suicide; real flight and then a wheeling attack on his brother; or real flight and then some kind of encounter with the (possibly) killing arms of his brother.    That Guitar places his rifle on the ground does not make him any less deadly - his smile and the dropping ofRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Philosophy1088 Words   |  5 PagesHistory isn’t made by statues. Real people make history. When one understands the person represented by the statue, the story of history begins to unfold. Two of the most important thinkers in world history were Plato and Aristotle. Aristotle studied under Plato and learned many lessons from his teacher. An area one can easily see the similarity between Plato and Aristotle is their beliefs on responsibility. Plato lays the groundwork for Aristotle to develop his own theory. The two are not identicalRead More Communism vs. Hegelism 1679 Words   |  7 Pagesoverthrown; there was political and civil unrest throughout Europe. In the midst of all this turmoil Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel emerged, presenting an analysis of history that would echo through the future, an understanding of the human condition, and an estimate of the end of said history and what would bring it about. This end of history would be brought about by the State, for the State’s sole purpose was to bring positive change and freedom to the individual. Less than a century later, Karl MarxRead MoreA Multi Dimensional Assessment ( Micro )1571 Words   |  7 Pagesthis time she does not even watch her favorite television programs. She has a loss of appetite and is very petite weighing in at 85 lbs. which is below her body mass index. She explains that often times it is very difficult for her to sleep at night. She isolates herself and reports that she has a loss in friendships since her medical condition down spiraled. She used to have lunch with her friends often but not any longer. She does not feel important to anyone. Past History of Treatment Read MoreStill I Rise By Maya Angelou Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfor females to finally have the right to vote, under the 19th amendment. Maya Angelou’s poem expresses these challenges and overcoming them, in contrast. The 1st line of the 1st stanza recognizes history, â€Å"You may write me down in history†. This line itself holds extreme value. Emotion aside, there are years of history of oppression, slavery, suffrage, and women’s rights. History can be told from any person’s point of view. There is both emotion and fact in history, based off whose pointRead MoreEssay on Why Postmodernism Failed to End History1542 Words   |  7 Pagesthreaten to end History, and why did fail?’ This question poses two clear questions, why postmodernism threatened the end of history, and why it failed to do so. While few would counter the assumption that it did fail, it can be argued that it massively changed history, and through answering the questions posed, this can also be addressed. In 1986 A. Huyssen claimed that postmodernism possessed ‘the unshaken confidence of being at the edge of history’, in regard toRead More Fukyama V huntington Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagestheorists of our times. Fukuyama’s book, The End of History and the Last Man, and Huntington’s book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, pose two very conflicting theories on international relations. In this paper I will summarize and compare/contrast the two theories. Both theories, written since the fall of communism and updated since the first gulf war, have been widely read, taught, praised and criticized The End of History and the Last Man is a book in which FrancisRead MoreEssay about Disobedience1306 Words   |  6 Pages end will be what kills us all. Overall his article has several compelling reasons to believe his theory, but it is also not completely believable for several reasons. There are several points that are debatable and his high use of emotion alone could cause one to question his article on a whole. Fromm being a psychoanalyst, sociologist, historian, and philosopher may have contributed to his using the pull of emotion so much. In his article Fromm states that history began

Abc Term Free Essays

Chapter 4: The Valuation of Long-Term Securities 1. What is the market value of a $1,000 face-value bond with a 10 percent coupon rate when the market’s rate of return is 9 percent? Answer:More than its face value. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Abc Term or any similar topic only for you Order Now If an investor may have to sell a bond prior to maturity and interest rates have risen since the bond was purchased, the investor is exposed to __________. Answer:interest rate risk 3. Beta Budget Brooms will pay a big $2 dividend next year on its common stock, which is currently selling at $50 per share. What is the market’s required return on this investment if the dividend is expected to grow at 5% forever? Answer:9% 4. If a coupon bond sells at a large discount from par, then which of the following relationships holds true? (P0 represents the price of a bond and YTM is the bond’s yield to maturity. ) Answer:P0 ; par and YTM ; the coupon rate. 5. Market interest rates and the prices of bonds in the secondary market: Answer:generally move in opposite directions. 6. A $250 face value share of preferred stock pays a $20 annual dividend and investors require a 7% return on this investment. If the security is currently selling for $276, what is the difference (overvaluation) between its intrinsic and market value (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)? Answer:Approximately $10. 7. Which of the following accurately describes the behavior of bond prices? Answer:If interest rates rise so that the market required rate of return increases, the bond’s price will fall. Chapter 5: Risk and Return 8. The firm of Sun and Moon purchased a share of Acme. com common stock exactly one year ago for $45. During the past year the common stock paid an annual dividend of $2. 40. The firm sold the security today for $85. What is the rate of return the firm has earned? Answer: 94. 2%. Return is over the two-year period and includes both dividends and capital gains. Return = [($2. 0) + ($85 – $45)] / $45 = 94. 2% 9. The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that distribution is referred to as __________. Answer:coefficient of variation 10. Clive Rodney Megabucks offers friend, Melanie, an interesting gamble involving giving her the choice of the contents in one of two sealed, identical-looking boxes. One box has $20,000 in cash and the second has nothing inside. There is an equal probability that the chosen box contains cash versus nothing. Melanie states that she would not call off the gamble if you offered her a certain $10,999 instead of her choice of box. However, she would be indifferent if $11,000 was offered in place of the risky gamble; and she would definitely take $11,001 to call off the gamble. We would describe Melanie as __________ in this instance. Answer: having a risk preference 11. Which of the following portfolio statistics statements is correct? Answer:A portfolio’s expected return is a simple weighted average of expected returns of the individual securities comprising the portfolio. 12. __________ is the variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification. Answer:Unsystematic risk 3. What is the beta for an average risk security? What is the beta for a Treasury bill? Answer:1; 0. Chapter 20: Long-Term Debt, Preferred Stock, and Common Stock 14. The sinking fund retirement of a bond issue takes __________. Answer: two forms — (1) the corporation purchases bonds in the open market and delivers a given number of bonds to the trustee ; or (2) the corporation pays cash to the trustee, who in turn calls the bonds for redemption. By Memory 15. A proposed project has normal cash flows. In other words, there is an up-front cost followed over time by a series of positive cash flows. The project’s internal rate of return is 12 percent and its WACC is 10 percent. Which of the following statements is most correct? Answer:The project’s MIRR is greater than 10 percent but less than 12 percent. (In actual exam question, you have to solve and get the answer. ) 16. Project S costs $15,000 and is expected to produce cash flows of $4,500 per year for 5 years. Project L costs $37,500 and is expected to produce cash flows of $11,100 per year for 5 years. Calculate the two projects’ NPVs, IRRs and MIRR assuming a cost of capital of 14%. 3 questions. NPV IRR MIRR 17. Answer:Step 1:Determine the PMT: 2% 0 1 10 | | | -1,000 PMT PMT With a financial calculator, input N = 10, I = 12, PV = -1000, and FV = 0 to obtain PMT = $176. 98. Step 2:Calculate the project’s MIRR: 10% 012910 ||| || 1. 10 -1,000176. 98176. 98176. 98176. 98 194. 68 . (1. 10)8 . (1. 10)9 . 379. 37 417. 31 1,00010. 93% = MIRRTV = 2,820. 61 FV of inflows: With a financial calculator, in put N = 10, I = 10, PV = 0, and PMT = -176. 98 to obtain FV = $2,820. 61. Then input N = 10, PV = -1000, PMT = 0, and FV = 2820. 61 to obtain I = MIRR = 10. 93%. How to cite Abc Term, Essay examples

Organizational Communication Era of Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Report for Organizational Communication for Era of Globalization. Answer: Introduction: Communication in the organizational structure is among the most important factor that organizations have to maintain in order to fulfill requirements of the operational processes. Specifically, in the present competitive business environment, communication has able to increase its significance in a great way. Effective communication within the organizational structure help to fulfill all the requirements of the operational processes. 1: The report will focus on the Commonwealth bank of Australia communication process. The report will consider Commonwealth bank, as it is regarded as one of the premier financial institution within the country. In fact, the organization has its presence in New Zealand, United Kingdom and USA also (Commbank.com.au 2016). It highlights the fact that the organization has able to create effective communication structure among the different levels of employees in order to fulfill all the objectives of the organization. 2: Formal communication network are developed by the company, which is and accepted by all the employees. Formal communication also has two parts namely centralized communication and decentralized communication (Curtis and Cachia 2015). In Commonwealth bank, decentralized communication procedure is utilized. Conversely, informal communication network tend to help in utilizing effective communication when formal communication structure broke down. Formal communication channel provides information regarding policies, goals and procedures. Therefore, Commonwealth banks newsletter can be regarded as one of the prime for communication channel, as it provides employees as well as clients clear idea regarding objectives and goals of the organization. Formal communication channel also includes reports, memoranda, chain of command, employers manual (Cornelissen 2013). On the other hand, informational communication channel includes lunchtime conversations, managers walking around etc. Commonwealth bank includes two-way communication process in order to fulfill all the requirements of the operational process. Organizational communication flow can be upward, downward, and diagonal according to their requirements (Braaf et al. 2013). Now, Commonwealth bank is an extremely big financial institution. Therefore, it focuses on utilizing combination of communication flow so that it can able to fulfill all the requirements. Figure 1: Flow of communication (Source: Joseph, O'Brien and Correa 2016) The above diagram highlights the fact that Commonwealth bank has focuses on the development of effective communication structure so that the information can flow in an appropriate manner. However, Commonwealth bank has provided opportunities to all the employees so that they can share information effectively. 3: Commonwealth bank focuses on the management approaches such as delegating, equipping and setting goals in order to create proper communication channel. In case of goal setting approach, organization focuses on the utilization of brief and clear communication process so that it can able to create desired impact on the effectiveness of the organization. In case of delegating approach, organization focuses on the utilization of much elaborate process of communication so that every member within the organizational structure can able to understand the significance (De Nobile 2016). In case of equipping, organization tries to communicate the role of each member effectively. Commonwealth bank focuses on the effective utilization of goal setting approach so that it can able to fulfill all the objectives (Rajhans 2012). Commonwealth bank tries to utilize is well-developed structure in such a way so that it can able to communicate goals to the each member effectively. Commonwealth bank focuses on the utilization of arrow approach in order to share message effectively with the employees. Furthermore, arrow approach for communication also helps organization to speak with authority and credibility (Deshpande 2013). Thus, it has created major positive impact on getting desired results from all level of the employees. 4: As per the article by Strongman (2013) organizational culture reflects a system based on the shared values, assumptions and beliefs that examine how people behave within the organizational structure. All the shared values have major influence on the employees regarding how they dress, perform and act within the organizational structure. On the other hand, organizational climate reflects shared attitudes and perceptions about the organization. Organizational culture depends based on sociology and anthropology whereas organizational climate based on psychology. For that reason, organizational climate does not deal with norms and values. In fact, organizational climate is concerned with the present organizational atmosphere (Strongman 2013). However, organizational culture depends heavily on the values and norms. In fact, employees can able to learn what is unacceptable or acceptable within the organizational structure. Organizational climate depends heavily on the managerial prescription whereas organizational culture is long lasting and does not depends too much on the managerial decisions. Commonwealth bank focuses on five cultural elements including trust, space, value, norms and faith for the effective utilization of communication process. Trust and faith has helped employees to share personal information with the other employees effectively. Thus, it helps to create strong bonding among each member of the team. On the other hand, value and norm helps Commonwealth bank to reduce any possibility of misconduct during the communication process (Gonzalez Gonzalez and Zamora Ramrez 2016). Finally, space helps employees to share their thoughts and opining in a much more effective way. 5: Commonwealth bank is present all across Australia and New Zealand region. Therefore, the organization often faces difficulties in maintaining effective communication with several branches in an appropriate manner. In order to reduce this problem organization will have to consult with higher authorities of different branches. Furthermore, organization will have to specify a platform, which has to be used by the employees at the time of communicating employees working in different branches (Tourish 2014). It will also have to conduct different official programs to enhance the cohesiveness among the employees working in different branches. 6: It has been identified that employees working in the ground level position is facing difficulties in sharing their problem to the higher authorities. Therefore, Commonwealth bank has to focus on the internal communication procedure so that it can able to reduce the difficulties in an appropriate way. Firstly, organization will have to collect feedback from the focus executive level employees. Secondly, it has to identify the exact reason for the break in the communication process. In the third step, it has to focus on the evaluation of best possible strategy so that employees regardless of position can able to share their thoughts and perceptions effectively. In the final step, it has to focus on the effective implementation procedure of the selected strategy so that it can able to eliminate barriers in the communication process. Conclusion: It can be mentioned that organization will have to utilize different aspect of communication approach in order to fulfill all the requirements of operational process. Furthermore, communication depends heavily on the organizational culture and climate. Therefore, it is necessary for the organization to utilize these factors in an appropriate manner. References: Braaf, S., Manias, E., Finch, S., Riley, R. and Munro, F., 2013. Healthcare service provider perceptions of organisational communication across the perioperative pathway: A questionnaire survey.Journal of clinical nursing,22(1-2), pp.180-191. Commbank.com.au. 2016.Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Cornelissen, J., 2013. Integrated Organisational Communication.Corporate Communications: An International Journal. Curtis, H. and Cachia, M., 2015. The impact of globalisation on organisational communication: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. De Nobile, J., 2016. Organisational communication and its relationships with occupational stress of primary school staff in Western Australia.The Australian Educational Researcher,43(2), pp.185-201. Deshpande, P.P., 2013. Improving Organisational Communication in the Era of Globalisation.Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences Humanities,21(2). Gonzalez Gonzalez, J.M. and Zamora Ramrez, C., 2016. Organisational communication on climate change: The influence of the institutional context and the adoption pattern.International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management,8(2), pp.286-316. Joseph, K., O'Brien, T. and Correa, H., 2016. Tax strategies and organisational communication in MNC supply chains: case studies.International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, pp.1-24. Paturas, J.L., Smith, S.R., Albanese, J. and Waite, G., 2016. Inter-organisational response to disasters.Journal of Business Continuity Emergency Planning,9(4), pp.346-358. Rajhans, K., 2012. Effective organizational communication: A key to employee motivation and performance.Interscience Management Review,2(2), pp.81-85. Strongman, L., 2013. Missing signposts? Tensions between the unitary and pluralistic components of rational arguments and in organisational communication.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,11(1), pp.31-42. Tourish, D., 2014. Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership,10(1), pp.79-98.

Company Accounting Fundamentals of Corporate Finance

Question: Discuss about theCompany Accounting for Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. Answer: Introduction After the development of Disclosure Initiatives, the International Accounting Standards Board has heard various concerns about disclosure of accounting policies in the financial statements. On one hand, some think that only significant accounting policies must be disclose while on the other hand, few consider that disclosure of all the accounting policies is crucial for better understanding (Horngren, 2013). Disclosure of each accounting policy makes financial statements more understandable. This statement cannot be consider true in every aspect because when disclosures of all accounting policies are made in the financial statements, it facilitates in poor disclosure practices as it becomes difficult to associate such accounting policy to its entity and its activities and to evaluate which accounting policies are the most significant (Horngren, 2013). It has also been observed that even proper guidance about such accounting policies in the preparation of financial statements (IAS 1) is not beneficial as identification of significant accounting policies are not clear and hence it becomes difficult to evaluate which of the accounting policies must be disclosed. Furthermore, the qualitative characteristic of materiality is also hampered when each accounting policy are incorporated in the financial statements. Therefore, the materiality concept cannot be applied that results in systematic pr oblems due to poor disclosures of accounting policies. Moreover, companies that have efficiently streamlined their disclosure initiatives by concentrating on material and relevant information obtain several benefits like enhancement of confidence among the investors (Northington, 2011). This happens because of communication of more meaningful information, improvement of coordination and cooperation throughout the organization comprising of the Board of Directors and with external advisers and regulators, higher effectiveness in the preparation of audit disclosures and investor communication and powerful leadership and market reputation. It may be more productive for a company to aim for particular areas of disclosure that are lengthy or complex instead of incorporating each of the accounting policies that includes both relevant and non-relevant financial information in the financial statements (Kaplan, 2011). On a whole, it can be conclude that when disclosures of accounting policie s goes beyond and deviates from its key purpose, it can lead to information overload in the financial statements (Deegan, 2011). This makes it problematic for the investors and other users to wade through such high volume of information they receive so as to hunt out for information that is the most significant. It can be understood that some users believe that disclosure of all accounting policies facilitates in better understanding of financial statements but the materiality concept will no longer have any existence in such statements and users will have to expend a lot of time in order to arrive at a conclusion. It may be possible that their decisions based on such statements are ineffective because explanation of accounting policies being summaries of IFRS requirements cannot explain and reflect how the accounting guidance is applied in the financial statements of the company in the context of its activities (Davies Crawford, 2012). Therefore, disclosures are very vital for better understanding but only relevant information must form part of the financial statements and the level of understanding provided by such disclosures are surely better than disclosure of all accounting policies that is inclusive of both significant and non-significant information. References Davies, T. Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Kaplan, R.S 2011, Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no.2, pp. 367383. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T 2012, Fundamentals of corporate finance, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley